ORIGINAL PAPER
Effectiveness of toilet training in children with neurodevelopmental delay: a feasibility randomised control trial
1
SDM College of Physiotherapy, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, India
Submission date: 2025-05-16
Acceptance date: 2025-11-04
Online publication date: 2026-06-25
Corresponding author
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Azrin-Foxx Method and the child-oriented method treated along with routine physiotherapy treatment in the form of exercises that will help in training children, and to see if children with neurodevelopmental delay can be helped to become toilet trained in 4 weeks of intervention along with routine treatment.
Methods:
30 children of either gender under the age of 5–10 years were included. They were randomly assigned into one of two groups: A and B. Children were assessed based on a bowel diary, the Wingspread Scheme, and the Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Group A was given the child-oriented method and group B was given the Azrin-Foxx method of toilet training along with routine treatment.
Results:
There were statistically significant results in the number of days without soiling, Wingspread scheme, and Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire in both groups A and B.
Conclusions:
We found that there was a significant difference between baseline and post-treatment outcomes between the groups, and both methods were useful for toilet training in children with neurodevelopmental delay.
The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Azrin-Foxx Method and the child-oriented method treated along with routine physiotherapy treatment in the form of exercises that will help in training children, and to see if children with neurodevelopmental delay can be helped to become toilet trained in 4 weeks of intervention along with routine treatment.
Methods:
30 children of either gender under the age of 5–10 years were included. They were randomly assigned into one of two groups: A and B. Children were assessed based on a bowel diary, the Wingspread Scheme, and the Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Group A was given the child-oriented method and group B was given the Azrin-Foxx method of toilet training along with routine treatment.
Results:
There were statistically significant results in the number of days without soiling, Wingspread scheme, and Childhood Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction Questionnaire in both groups A and B.
Conclusions:
We found that there was a significant difference between baseline and post-treatment outcomes between the groups, and both methods were useful for toilet training in children with neurodevelopmental delay.
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